Pitfall of MIS
Following
are the pitfalls of the MIS development :
•
Fundamental
Weakness
•
No
Management System to Build Upon
Showing posts with label MIS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label MIS. Show all posts
Saturday, 18 February 2017
Implementation of MIS
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Prepare the organization plan
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Organization flow
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Tanning of personal
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Development of software
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Acquire the hardware
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Design the format of information
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Control of data files
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Evaluation of old & new MIS.
Structure of MIS
Structure
of MIS is a difficult concept to understand because there is no standard or
universally accepted is no standard or universally accepted framework for
describing management information framework for describing management
information system. For example, A car may be perceived in a system. For
example , A car may be perceived in a number of different way; by describe the
physical number of different way; by describe the physical characteristics,
i.e. its shapes, colour, seating capacity, characteristics, i.e. its shapes,
colour, seating capacity, door etc. MIS structure be described by following a
door etc. MIS structure be described by following a variety of different
approaches: variety of different approaches:
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Physical components,
•
Information system processing functions,
•
Decision Support
•
Levels of management
activities
•
Organizational functions
•
Physical
components:
Structure of MIS may
be understood by looking at the physical components of the information system
in an organization.
•
Hardware: Hardware
refers the physical data processing equipment and peripheral devices.
processing equipment and peripheral devices.
•
Software: software is broad term given to the
instruction or program that direct the operation of the hardware.
•
Database: the data base consist of all data
utilized by application software utilized by application software.
•
Input and output : various physical input and output
from the information system, existing in output from the information system,
existing in the form like printout, report etc. the form like printout, report
etc.
•
Information
system processing functions:
Information system structure can also be understood in term
of its processing functions. The main processing functions of information
system are described below:
•
To Process Transactions:Information
systems process transaction may be defined as an activity taking place in an
organization.
•
To Maintain Master files:Information
systems create and maintain master files in the organisation. A master file
stores the historical data about the organizational.
•
To Produce Reports: Reports are significant products of
an information system. Many reports are produces on a regular basis, which are
called scheduled reports. reports on a
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To Process Interactive Support A pplications
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Decision
Support: Decision vary with respect to the structure that can be
provided for making them. A highly structure that can be provided for making
them. A highly structured decision can be pre structured decision can be
pre--planned. A structured planned. A structured decision, because of its well
defined nature can be said decision, because of its well defined nature can be
said to be programmable.to be programmable.
•
Levels of management activities:
•
The structure of an information system can be categorized in
terms of level of the management activities.
•
strategic planning deals with long-range considerations.
•
The decisions include the choice of business directions,
market strategy, product etc.
•
Management control level includes acquisition and
organizationof resource, structuring of work and training of personnel.
•
Operational control is related to short-term decision for
current operations. Pricing, inventory level etc.
Classification of MIS
The category of MIS:
•
Transaction Processing System (TPS)
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Information Processing System (IPS)
•
Decision Support System (DSS)
•
Programed Decision System(PDS)
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Transaction
processing System:
•
TPS processes transaction and produces reports.
•
It represents the
automation of the fundamental, routine processing used to support business
operations.
•
It does not provide
any information to the user to his/her decision-making. TPS uses data and
produces data as shown in the following diagram.(previous fig input process
output)
Previously,
TPS was known as Management Information System. Prior to Computers, data
processing was performed manually or with simple machines.
•
The domain of TPS is at the lowest level of the management
hierarchy of an organization.
•
Information
Processing System (IPS):
•
Decision
Support System (DSS):
•
A decision support system (DSS) is an information system
application that assists decision-making.
•
DSS tends to be used in planning, analyzing alternatives,
and trial and error search for solution.
•
The elements of the
decision support system include a database, model base & software.
•
The main application areas of DSS are Production, finance
and marketing.
•
Programed
Decision System(PDS):
MIS functions
MIS
is set up by an organization with the prime objective to obtain management
information to be used by its managers in decision-making. Thus, MIS must
perform the following functions in order to meet its objectives.
1) Data
Capturing:
•
MIS captures data from various internal and external sources
of an organization. Data capturing may be manual or through computer terminals.
End users, typically record data about transactions on some physical medium such
as paper form or enter it directly into a computer system.
2)
Processing of data:
•
The captured data is processed to convert it into the
required management information. Processing of data is done by such activities
as calculating, comparing, sorting, classifying and summarizing.
3) Storage
of information:
•
MIS stores processed or unprocessed data for future use. If
any information is not immediately required, it is saved as an organizational
record. In this activity, data and information are retained in an organized
manner for later use. Stored data is commonly organized into fields, records,
files and databases.
4)
Retrieval of information:
•
MIS retrieves information from its stores as and when
required by various users. As per the requirements of the management users, the
retrieved information is either disseminated as such or it is processed again
to meet the exact demands.
5) Dissemination of MI:
•
Management information, which is a finished product of MIS,
is disseminated to the users in the organization. It could be periodic, through
reports or on-line through computer terminals.
MIS Characteristics
A management information system has the following
characteristics:
1). System
approach:
•
The information system follows a System’s approach.
•
The system’s approach
implies a wholistic approach to the study of the system and its performance to
achieve the objective for which it has been formed.
2).
Management oriented:
•
For designing of MIS top-down approach should be followed.
•
Top-down approach suggests that the system development
starts from the determination of the management needs and overall business
objectives. Management oriented characteristic of MIS also implies that the
management actively directs the system development efforts.
3). Need
based:
•
MIS design and development should be as per the information
needs of managers at different levels that are strategic planning level,
management control level and operational control level.
4).
Exception based:
•
MIS should be developed on the exception based reporting
principle, which means an abnormal situation, that is the maximum, minimum or
expected values vary beyond the limits.
•
In such cases there
should be exception reporting to the decision-maker at the required level.
5). Future
oriented:
•
Besides exception based reporting, MIS should also look at
the future. In other words MIS should not merely provide past or historical
information, rather it should provide information on the basis of projections
based on which actions may be initiated.
6).
Integrated:
•
Integration is significant because of its ability to produce
more meaningful information.
•
For example, in order to develop an effective production
scheduling system, it is necessary to balance such factors as: set-up costs,
work force, overtime rates, production capacity, inventory level, capital
requirements and customer services. Integration means taking a comprehensive
view of the subsystems that operate within the company.
7). Common
data flows:
•
Because of the integration concept of MIS, there is an
opportunity to avoid duplication and redundancy in data gathering, storage and
dissemination.
•
System designers are aware that a few key source documents
account for much of the information flow. For example, customer’s orders are
the basis for billing the customer for the goods ordered, setting up accounts
receivables, initiating production activity, sales analysis, sales forecasting
etc.
